El gerente del sector social del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo habló con SEMANA y explicó cuáles son los retos que le deparan a la educación encaminada a el futuro.
Para usted cuál sería el gran reto que tiene la educación hoy en día?
Marcelo Cabrol (M.C.): Cómo preparar a la gente para los trabajos del futuro. Y quiero ser súper claro. No es que esté pensando que la educación solamente y unívocamente llega a un trabajo sino porque muchas de las competencias y muchas de las habilidades y muchas de las capacidades que los trabajos del futuro van a requerir son habilidades humanas, no tecnológicas. Además de cómo va a responder la educación ante la automatización del trabajo del futuro. La educación va a tener que hacer cosas distintas a la que está haciendo hoy, preparar para los trabajos de futuro es un buen ejemplo de lo que la educación debería estar haciendo
¿Cuáles son las competencias más importantes que los estudiantes deben desarrollar para estar listos para los trabajos del futuro?
M.C.: Primero hay que hablar de la automatización que es una tendencia importante. Todo mundo habla de robots pero en realidad estamos en inteligencia artificial y ya se está hablando de automatización de los trabajos del futuro. Muchos jóvenes van a estar trabajando en estructuras laborales completamente distintas a las que tenemos hoy.
¿En se diferencian los trabajos de hoy con los que se proyectan para el futuro?
M.C.: La única predicción que te puedo hacer con ciento por ciento de certeza es que los trabajos van a cambiar, ¿qué trabajos van a cambiar? depende de una combinación, adopción y marco regulatorio de la tecnología. Esencialmente lo primero que tenemos que pensar lo qué pasará con los trabajos que la automatización vaya destruyendo cambiando o construyendo.
¿Cuál es la profesión del futuro?
M.C.: Los maestros son la profesión del futuro porque lo único que no va a poder replicar la máquina, la inteligencia artificial es lo que el maestro del futuro es. Yo creo que el futuro de la educación no es enseñar programación, porque si es así probablemente lo que estoy enseñando para los próximos dos años es un producto perecedero, la educación no puede ser así. El maestro del futuro va a enseñar habilidades blandas que solo se logra por interacción humana.
¿Qué tan lista está la empresa en países como Latinoamérica para recibir personas que no tienen un título universitario sino entrenado o capacitado en competencias?
M.C.: Más listos de lo que uno piensa. Madres comunitarias en Colombia haciendo estimulación temprana propiamente pagada y propiamente capacitada son una forma efectiva de dar educación para la primera infancia. Y no se les está pidiendo un certificado ni título universitario. Entonces se está pidiendo una capacitación y capacitación normalmente inicial en el trabajo evolutivo. Se va a mover rápidamente esta adquisición por competencia y no por diploma.
¿Qué se necesita en un sistema educativo como el de Colombia, en qué se debería estar pensando?
M.C.: El problema que tenemos es que cuando los chicos pobres terminan cuarto grado, están dos años atrasados en lectura y casi tres años en la habilidad de comprender. Primero dediquémonos a que los chicos aprendan lo que tienen que aprender. Se tiene que solucionar la conversación a fondo de que no podemos cambiar la forma en que hacemos educación y de cómo formamos a los maestros.
¿Con qué herramientas se puede solucionar?
M.C.: Eso se soluciona primero con una convención seria sobre ese tema porque en educación tendemos a escaparnos al futuro. La tecnología, la automatización, la nueva escuela etcétera, es el futuro. Un currículo único probablemente sea la solución. Pero una conversación honesta sobre cómo es la educación del futuro y que traemos del pasado tiene que estar sobre la mesa. Pero también es necesario empezar a ver formas distintas de actuación.
¿Qué ha pasado con los sistemas educativos, cómo detener este proceso de inyectar tecnología sin avanzar?
Las nuevas generaciones son nativos digitales, ¿pero cómo enseñarles a usar de forma adecuada las tecnologías?
M.C.: La falla no es sobre la tecnología, es sobre la capacidad colaborativa de crear un proyecto usando la tecnología. Se deben aprovechar mejor las competencias digitales para enseñar las cosas que tenemos que enseñar. La tecnología es una forma de pensar la organización, la función de producción escolar, de una manera innovadora si la tecnología no pasa ese test de ácido no sirve para nada.
¿Qué país en Latinoamérica podría ser un referente en este proceso?
M.C.: Uruguay, todavía con un paradigma fuertemente basado en conectividad y con muy poca aplicación descentralizada de contenidos. El país todavía piensa que el uso de la conectividad y los aparatos para usar contenido centralizado y descentralizar es la solución.
¿Qué le deparará el futuro a Colombia siendo un país rural?
M.C.: Cuando volvemos a educación rural hay dos respuestas. La primera es que tenemos que pensar el sistema educativo como parte de un paquete de desarrollo territorial. Si no hay mercado sin ruta, si no hay diversificación productiva, etcétera. Probablemente no va a haber nada que en educación evite lo que está pasando en América Latina que es una migración fuerte a las ciudades.
El gran desafío para la Educación rural es tomar estos sistemas que ya están aprobados y replicarlos. Tenemos que encontrar esta combinación en las áreas rurales de un currículo estructurado con un trabajo colaborativo. El mismo problema de hace 25 años atrás es que los maestros más calificados nunca van al área rural y si van están en apuro por escaparse.
Existe también el tema de ver la educación independiente del entramado de lo que es una sociedad…
M.C.: Pero los sistemas educativos no se preguntan sobre esto, son súper endogámicos. El gran tema de la educación en el mundo latinoamericano es que son endogámicos, trabajan muchas veces en un vacío de lo que está pasando alrededor.
Entonces el Gobierno extiende la oferta educativa haciendo escuelas nuevas. Pero los gobiernos no tienen la capacidad y el sistema educativo tampoco, por ejemplo haciendo nuevas escuelas donde ni siquiera llega el agua. La tecnología es un factor de cambio completo de paradigma o no es nada.
La tecnología se supone que cambia el sistema, pero seguimos pensando y utilizando el mismo modelo de años atrás…
M.C.: Yo no creo que sea un tema de nativos digitales, creo que es un tema de liderazgo. Es decir somos los adultos los que tenemos que estar listos a cambiar y paradójicamente los no nativos digitales o los recientes nativos digitales nos estamos dando cuenta de que o mutamos las cosas que hacemos o morimos.
SEMANA: ¿Cuál es el futuro de la educación?
M.C.: Los cambios de lo que pasa alrededor de la educación la van a obligar a cambiar. Mi predicción en cinco años, es que en algunos segmentos del sistema educativo no vamos a reconocer lo que va a pasar en América Latina. Entonces, No la tecnología no es la solución a todo, pero no se puede descartar.
Referencia a www.semana.com : http://www.semana.com/educacion/articulo/entrevista-con-el-gerente-del-sector-social-del-bid-marcelo-cabrol/563814
118 comentarios en ““El maestro será la profesión del futuro»: Marcelo Cabrol”
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